Showing posts with label King Charles II. Show all posts
Showing posts with label King Charles II. Show all posts
Tuesday, November 5, 2019
The Royal Escape from Brighton by Rosemary Morris
For more information about Rosemary's books please click on the cover above.
The Royal Escape from Brighton
The town in which my next Classical Regency Romance, Saturday’s Child is set
Today, visitors flock to Brighton to visit George IV’s Royal Pavilion, to shop in The Lanes as well as enjoying everything else the vibrant seaside town has to offer. Less well known are the events which took place there during the English Civil War when family loyalties either to the Crown or Commonwealth split them apart.
Bodiam Castle was damaged by Commonwealth soldiers who also destroyed Arundel Castle. Without any prominent Royalists in the area it seems most landlubbers, fishermen and their families favoured the Commonwealth. Nevertheless, some landowners and well-to-do traders supported Charles II.
After Commonwealth troops defeated the royalist army at the Battle of Worcester on the third of September 1651, except for Lord Wilmot, Charles II dismissed his followers. The distinctive two yards tall, dark complexioned king was hunted but always managed to escape. Once he hid high up in an oak tree while soldiers search for him beneath it. Elsewhere the king was sometimes recognised but not betrayed. If he had been caught, he would have become a pawn or, maybe, like his father Charles I, have been beheaded.
On the thirteenth of October the king set out for Brighthelmstone, Brighton’s previous name, where Wilmot had been in contact with Colonel Gunter, the king’s loyal supporter. On the fourteenth his majesty was accommodated in the George Inn, and Gunter paid a merchant sixty pieces of silver to transport two illegal duellists, aka the king and Wilmot, across the English Channel to France. However, when Tattersall, the captain of the brig, met the king he recognised him but remained silent until they were alone, when he knelt and kissed the royal hand.
On the brink of departure from Shoreham, the king spent the night at Bramber a small village. There, after six weeks during which he hid in priest’s holes, slept on pallets on the floor and endured danger and discomfort, he almost encountered Commonwealth soldiers.
I can only imagine Charles II’s profound relief when he reached Shoreham harbour in time to board the brig and at 4 a.m. on the fifteenth of October and departed. Almost ten years later he returned to England where he succeeded to the throne.
Classical Historical Fiction by Rosemary Morris
Early 18th Century novels: Tangled Love, Far Beyond Rubies, The Captain and The Countess
Regency Novels False Pretences.
Heroines Born on Different Days of the Week Books One to Six, Sunday’s Child, Monday’s Child, Tuesday’s Child, Wednesday’s Child, Thursday’s Child and Friday’s Child.
(The novels in the series are not dependent on each other, although events in previous novels are referred to and characters reappear.)
Mediaeval Novel Yvonne Lady of Cassio. The Lovages of Cassio Book One
www.rosemarymorris.co.uk
http://bookswelove.net/authors/morris-rosemary
Sunday, November 4, 2018
Ding-dang Ruthless Justice by Katherine Pym
~*~*~*~
Cromwell's Death Mask |
Justice
would not allow a guilty person to escape his sentence. One such fellow
condemned to be hanged found a way to escape when brought to the gallows.
As
the magistrates hauled the poor fellow to the hanging tree, his legs shackled,
the condemned man dodged a guard and scampered away. The crowd impeded the
goalers from catching him. He ran down the hill and jumped into the river. The
weight his restraints pulled him under and he drowned.
Not
content to have the prisoner die before being properly hanged, the authorities
hauled him sopping wet and completely dead, back to the noose, and there hanged
him with his fellow prisoners. They did this during the French Revolution, too,
threw a dead person in the tumbril to suffer the same fate as those around him.
Guillotined, the most humane way to go, or so it is reported.
Enter
Oliver Cromwell, who succumbed to what experts feel was malarial fever on the
proverbial dark and stormy night in Whitehall, Sept 3rd, 1658. His
enemies described the storm as the devil dragging the great saint to hell.
John Bradshaw |
Cromwell’s
men wanted a sumptuous funeral that would rival King James I’s. They gutted and
embalmed him, his coffin filled with spices, but for some reason his body rapidly
decayed. It was reportedly so putrid that the body ruptured, leaving a
horrendous miasma which leaked through the seams of the coffin.
Henry Ireton |
This
left no opportunity for Cromwell to lay in state or be paraded through the
city. He was buried quickly in Westminster Abbey alongside England’s kings and
queens. Later, to appease the populace, an effigy replaced the body for
viewing. An empty coffin was hauled through the city streets.
In
1660, King Charles II returned from exile. He did not seek utter reprisal, but
he could not let those who killed his father escape without some sort of
comment.
Tyburn Gallows |
Of
the 59 regicides who signed the death warrant, 39 were alive at the
Restoration. Of these, several were in self-exile, a few exonerated. Of those
executed, some met a grisly end.
Really
horrible so I won’t bother telling the details but I’ll tell you the following:
Three
high on the list to meet justice were Oliver Cromwell, Henry Ireton, & John
Bradshaw, all dead and buried in Westminster Abbey. Their bodies were ordered
exhumed, hanged and beheaded.
King Charles I at his trial |
January
30th, 1661 (Gregorian calendar), they were pulled from their resting
places and dragged to Tyburn. Since Cromwell’s burial had been so regal, his
body wrapped in a thick shroud, it took several strikes of the axe to behead
him. The three dead men swung from the gallows, then beheaded, their bodies
shoved in unmarked graves beneath Tyburn. Their heads were impaled on pikes and
set on the roof of the Westminster, where they remained for 20-30 years. One
night, during another dark and stormy night, Cromwell’s head was struck by
lightning, which fell to the ground and was spirited away.
There
are several stories about where the head bounced.
In the ensuing years,
Cromwell’s head was considered a conversation piece put on display. Men of
knowledge considered the head more than likely genuine. It is rumored someone
finally put it in a biscuit tin and buried it. One source states it was
interred in 1960 in Cromwell’s old college chapel, its exact location
concealed.
~*~*~*~
Many
thanks to Wikicommons, Public domain &
Labels:
Beheadings,
BWL,
Cromwell's death mask,
Death and Hanging,
Henry Ireton,
John Bradshaw,
Justice,
King Charles I,
King Charles II
Author of historical novels set in 1660's London with one novel of the French Revolution.
Tuesday, September 4, 2018
Secret Service, Spies, and Underhanded Dealings during 17th Century By Katherine Pym
~*~*~*~
Per Violet Barbour,
author of Henry Bennet, earl of
Arlington, (published 1914), “The ministers of King Charles II were not
chosen for their honesty…”
Henry Bennett, Earl of Arlington |
This did not
make Charles II a stupid man, but one who had gone through years of hardship. He
was cautious. His life had often been imperiled. Men had conspired against him, or tried to
rule him. It left its mark. To watch for underhanded dealings during his
reign, the king sought individuals who would meet toe-to-toe those who
threatened him, and his court.
King Charles II |
On one hand
Charles II filled his court with frivolity. He played, danced, and allowed his
dogs to soil the palace. He and his brother, the Duke of York, loved the
theatre, and supported their own troupes.
Charles II allowed women on stage.
On the other
hand, Charles II inherited a land filled with uneasy, restless, and bitter malcontents
whose very existence shattered with the fall of the Commonwealth. Rarely opening up to anyone, the king did not
trust easily. He expected attempts on his life, or efforts to overthrow his
monarchy.
Death mask, Cromwell |
During the Cromwell days, John Thurloe was the head of espionage. As
Secretary of State under Cromwell, he sent out spies to cull out plots from
within the Protectorate’s government. His spy network was extensive. He
employed men – and women – who were, on the surface, stalwart royalists. His
spies could be located in every English county, overseas, i.e., in Charles II’s
exiled court, in the America’s, and the far Indies.
Sir Samuel Moreland |
Thurloe compiled lists, sent spies into enemy camps, had men
tortured and killed. One such fellow, Samuel Morland, and assistant to Thurloe
under Cromwell, confessed to witnessing a man ‘trepanned to death’ at Thurloe’s
word. (Dictionary.com states the
following definition to trepan: “a tool
for cutting shallow holes by removing a core.”)
Not a nice way to go.
Thurloe, Cromwell's spymaster |
Thurloe
orchestrated the Sir Richard Willis Plot, wherein the king and duke would be
lured out of exile to the Sussex coast.
Once the brothers disembarked, they would be instantly murdered.
This plot failed.
Commonwealth
spies infiltrated homes, churches, and businesses to destroy the royalist
enemy, and under Charles II’s, his government did the same. Their goal was to destroy nonconformists, or
“fanaticks”. Depending who was in power, plots were a part of political life.
After
the Restoration, Thurloe was dismissed, but not executed for crimes against the
monarchy (Charles I and II). He was let go for exchange of valuable
Commonwealth government documents.
During
the king’s exile, Sir Edward Nicholas held the position of Secretary of State,
but he was old, nearly age 70. Within two years of the Restoration, Charles II replaced
him with Sir Henry Bennet, who took charge of the Crown’s espionage. October
15, 1662, he was appointed Secretary of State.
Sir Joseph Williamson, Charles II spymaster |
Joseph
Williamson worked for Bennet as the undersecretary. Williamson was born for this work. He took
the bull by the horns and enhanced the processes Thurloe had begun. Williamson built a brilliant spy network. He allowed informers who, for money, turned
on associates. He burrowed spies into
households, businesses, and churches. He
used grocers, doctors and surgeons, anyone who would send him notes against
persons who were against the king. He had men overseas watching for any plots
against the king. Informants were everywhere.
His
tools were numerous. He loved ciphers,
and cipher keys. Doctor John Wallis was an expert in this who worked under
Thurloe and Bennet. The man could crack a code in nothing flat. Williamson, known as Mr. Lee in the
underworld, used the Grand Letter Office for ciphered messages to pass back and
forth between the undersecretary’s office and the spies. He expected his spies
to keep him informed by ciphered letters at the end of each day, and passed
through the post office.
Williamson
obtained ambassador letters, had them opened and searched for underhanded
deceit. He developed a system of local informers, letters and money crossing
palms. Under Thurloe, the secret service
received £800 per year. Under Bennet, the money doubled. Most of the annual
budget was spent on spies and keeping them alive.
Many thanks to: Wikicommons, Public Domain &
Marshall, Alan, Intelligence and Espionage in the Reign of Charles II, 1660-1685, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1994.
Labels:
17th century London,
Cromwell,
King Charles II,
Spies,
spymasters
Author of historical novels set in 1660's London with one novel of the French Revolution.
Monday, December 4, 2017
Spies and Underhanded Dealings during the 17th Century by Katherine Pym
Use Coupon |
“The
ministers of King Charles II were not chosen for their honesty…” Violet Barbour, author of Henry Bennet, earl of Arlington, (published
1914).
King Charles II |
King Charles
II did not trust anyone. When in exile, and after the Restoration, his life was
often imperilled. There were several assassination attempts on his and his
brothers’ lives.
During
the Cromwell days, John Thurloe was head of espionage. As Secretary of State, he
sent out spies to cull out plots from within the Protectorate’s government. His
spy network was extensive. He employed men – and women – who were, on the
surface, stalwart royalists. His spies could be located in every English
county, overseas, i.e., in Charles II’s exiled court, in the Americas, and the
far Indies.
The king and
company considered the spies ardent Royalists and frolicked with the best of
them. Everyone played as well as they could considering how poor the king was.
He went from one royal house to another, hoping for shelter and sustenance. He
had mistresses and already fathered the 1st Duke of Monmouth.
Mr. John Thurloe, Cromwell's Spymaster |
Apparently, Cromwellian
spies had too good a time or perhaps they worked too slowly. Thurloe decided it
was time to murder the king and his brothers. He orchestrated the
Sir Richard Willis Plot, where the brothers would be lured out of exile to the
Sussex coast. Once the brothers
disembarked on shore, they would be instantly murdered. It failed because Thurloe and Cromwell
discussed this in front of the clerk, Mr Morland, whom they thought slept. Morland
listened to everything the men said. As soon as he could, the clerk informed the king’s
court, then located in in Bruges.
Mr Morland, a clerk under Thurloe |
Even
as this plot failed, Commonwealth spies infiltrated homes, churches and
businesses to destroy the royalist enemy. Thurloe compiled lists, sent spies
into enemy camps, had men tortured and killed. Mr Morland confessed to
witnessing a man ‘trepanned to death’ at Thurloe’s word.
Trepanned Skull |
It did
not matter who was in power, plots were part of the political life. Under
Charles II’s, his government did the same.
Their goal was to destroy nonconformists, or fanaticks.
The king
inherited a land filled with restless people and bitter malcontents. After the
Restoration, Thurloe
was dismissed, but not executed for crimes against the monarchy (Charles I and
II). He was let go for exchange of valuable Commonwealth secrets.
Charles
II replaced Thurloe with Sir Henry Bennet and appointed him as Secretary of
State. Bennet brought on board Joseph Williamson who was born to this work.
Mr Joseph Williamson, King Charles II Spymaster |
Williamson
took the bull by the horns and enhanced the processes Thurloe had begun. He built a brilliant spy network. An
attractive man, he persuaded men and women to turn on associates. He burrowed spies into households, businesses,
and churches. He used grocers, doctors
and surgeons, anyone who would send him notes on persons who were against
the king. He had men overseas watching for any plots against the crown.
His
tools were numerous. He loved ciphers,
and cipher keys. Doctor John Wallis was an expert in this who worked under
Thurloe and Bennet. The man could crack a code in nothing flat. Williamson, known as Mr. Lee in the
underworld, used the Grand Letter Office for ciphered messages to pass back and
forth between the undersecretary’s office and his spies. He expected them to
keep him informed by ciphered letters at the end of each day, and passed
through the post office.
Williamson
obtained letters from ambassadors of other countries living in England. His clerks int he post office opened and searched the letters for underhanded deceit. Williamson developed a system of local
informers, letters and money crossing palms.
Under Thurloe, the secret service received £800 per
year. Under Bennet, the money doubled. Most of the annual budget was spent on
spies and keeping them alive.
It was an
underhanded world in the 17th century but I can probably say, and be
correct, almost every king and queen in every century had their spy networks.
It was precarious business to sit on a throne and watch your back for daggers
and pistols pointing at it.
Life is tenuous at the top.
~*~*~*~*~*~
Many thanks
to Henry Bennet, earl of Arlington by Violet Barbour, Historian of Vasser,
1914, & wikicommons public domain for the pictures.
For more on spies and underhanded deeds, please see my Jasper's Lament, a story of the 2nd Anglo/Dutch war buildup.
Buy Here |
Labels:
17th century spies,
Bennet,
Duke of York,
Joseph Williamson,
King Charles I,
King Charles II,
Thurloe,
torture,
trepanning
Author of historical novels set in 1660's London with one novel of the French Revolution.
Saturday, March 4, 2017
Palace of Whitehall, Part II by Katherine Pym
Previously, I told you the history of Whitehall Palace, its beginnings and its end. Today, I want to talk of the structure, and how London’s activities affected Whitehall Palace.
Part II, Other stuff about Whitehall:
Castles have a tendency to be drafty, and it was no
different with the Palace of Whitehall. Due to the compilation of various
buildings crammed together, the palace was more drafty than normal. During
storms, winds whistled down chimneys and spread ash across the chambers. Fires
sparked, then smoldered.
London and its suburbs used sea coal and brown coal to
heat their homes. It was inferior and smoked. London also seemed to have
existed under a pall of inversion. Smoke and pollution hung stagnant over the
city and its suburbs for weeks on end.
Coal was used to brew ale or beer. Dyers used coal to
heat water. Soap boilers manufactured their product with ash. Glass houses,
founders and most industries used coal for their fires and their products. As a
result, smoke settled heavy on everything with a gritty dust. Not a good place
for asthmatics, the air was hard to breathe.
John Evelyn (1620-1706) loved London. He observed
everything within and without the great city.
In 1661, he wrote Fumifugium:
or, The Inconvenience of the AER, and SMOAKE of London Dissipate, a
diatribe of the damages smoke can do to a person, city, and anything alive. In
this pamphlet, he also proposed remedies for this damage. This, he gave to King
Charles II in the year of his coronation (1661).
A visit to Whitehall provoked Evelyn to write this
pamphlet. While he strolled through the palace, looking for a glimpse of His
Royal Majesty, Evelyn said, “a presumptuous smoke issuing from one or two
tunnels near Northumberland House, and not far from Scotland Yard, did so
invade the Court that all the rooms, galleries, and places about it were filled
and infested with it, and that to such a degree, as men could hardly discern
one another for the cloud...”
Apparently, the smoke was so thick in the palace, people
had to stretch their arms to make it from room to room. I can imagine with the
uneven floors, bridges, and stairways that linked strange floor levels, this could
be dangerous.
Evelyn continues, “...upon frequent observation, but it
was this alone, and the trouble that it must needs procure to Your Sacred
Majesty, as well as hazard to your health…” Yes, wandering a palace so filled
with smoke, it would be difficult to breathe, to see without your eyes tearing.
In 1662 a strong storm hit London, and Whitehall was not
spared. A few fires started but fortunately, they were doused without any real
damage. After this, regulations were enforced to have at each hearth a leather
bucket filled with water.
In 1691, Whitehall nearly burned down. By this time, it
was a maze of complexity, and the largest palace in Europe. On April 10th
of this year, a fire broke out that damaged a great deal of the structure(s),
but not the State Apartments. By this time, William III and Mary II lived most
of the time in Kensington Palace.
Then, in 1698 what remained of Whitehall burned, along
with many treasures garnered over the ages. Among other treasures, scholars
believe Michelangelo’s Cupid, the
Portrait of Henry VIII, and Bernini’s marble bust of King Charles I were all
lost.
John Evelyn wrote: “Whitehall burnt! Nothing but walls
and ruins left.”
Can you imagine the stories those old walls could have
told, so rich, historical, and often tragic.
Sources:
Adrian Tinniswood. By
Permission of Heaven, The true Story of the Great Fire of London. Riverhead
Books, NY, 2003
John Evelyn. Fumifugium:
Or, The Inconvenience of the AER, and SMOAKE of London Dissipated. Together
With some Remedies humbly proposed by J.E. Esq; To His Sacred MAJESTIE, and To
the Parliament now Assemble. Published by His Majesties Command. London
1661
Labels:
17th century London,
Banquet Hall,
John Evelyn,
King Charles II,
the Stuarts,
Whitehall Palace
Author of historical novels set in 1660's London with one novel of the French Revolution.
Saturday, June 4, 2016
The Up & Down Again British Crown Jewels by Katherine Pym
Crown Jewels |
For some reason, to-be monarchs
expect to be surrounded by gold, silver and jewels when crowned and when they attend
state ceremonies. In the old days—really old like ancient times—it is said
those who wore crowns were set a part. They were different than the everyday
guy who walked the dusty paths of the planet.
The Up:
Over the years, the British crown
jewels piled up, including gold thread, silver and gold plate, embedded with
precious metals and stones. Their worth cannot be calculated. Well, I suppose
it can but my sources won’t do it, and who am I to argue? I could easily say
their worth is in the millions and millions or more.
British Imperial State Crown |
The British Imperial State Crown
is mounted with more than 3000 precious jewels. It must be very heavy after a
few hours. Whoever wears this crown will have a sore neck and shoulders for
several days afterward.
Tower of London |
The Maltese cross at the top of
this crown has a great sapphire. Legend says it came from Edward the
Confessor’s ring. It was removed from his finger after his death and before his
coffin was sealed. The Stuart sapphire at the back of the crown may have come
from Scotland in 1214.
The Down:
King Charles I had a hard time of
it almost from the get-go. He married a Roman Catholic girl, which was hugely
frowned upon. He allowed her to remain Catholic. He trussed up the Church of
England to be more papist.
He annoyed a lot of people who wanted
the church services less papist. They wanted music during services to cease,
and they were tired of statues, gold and jewels shining from the altar, the
stained glass windows.
Scepter |
The man in charge of the crown
jewels at this time was Sir Henry Mildmay, a royalist who jumped over to the Parliamentary
side soon after Charles I left London to fight in the civil wars. Two years
into the fighting, Parliament ordered the royal plate be melted down. Some
argued the plate was ancient, the decorations worth more than the plate, but
they were shouted down.
Historical treasures of
banqueting plate and coronets worth in today’s market of almost £388,000 were melted and minted. After the fighting was over, the
king lost his head and most royalists fled or fell under the Commonwealth rule.
It didn’t take long for Parliament to sell the king’s personal estate and the
crown jewels.
Sir Henry
Mildmay was summoned to make an inventory. Once a royalist who changed sides,
now he was royalist again. He locked the Jewel House door and wouldn’t come
out. It was a standoff of 6 weeks. Finally, Parliament grew frustrated and stormed
the building. Henry Mildmay was flung into Fleet prison.
All the gold
and silver was melted down and the jewels sold off. They had destroyed the holy
relics of a monarchical system that had lasted for centuries.
Up Again:
When King
Charles II returned from exile in 1660, Sir Henry Milmay was again summoned to
the palace. He feared for his life and tried to run away but was caught. He was sentenced to be dragged through the streets each year on the
anniversary of King Charles I’s death (end of January per the Julian calendar).
Nothing
remained of the original crown jewels or coronation regalia. A local goldsmith
was called in where, for a mere £1.6 (modern costs), he made duplicates of the
old jewels.
After King
Charles II’s coronation all the jewels and regalia were stored in the White
Tower in the Tower of London. It was where William the Conqueror had stored his
treasure but moved again after the great fire of 1666 to the Martin Tower.
Colonel Thomas Blood |
Down Again:
The only
successful person to steal the crown jewels was Colonel Blood (yes, a real
name, and he wasn’t a pirate). Blood was an unhappy man who had done well under
Cromwell. It annoyed him when his government failed and he lost all his lands
in Ireland.
The way he
did it was interesting:
In early
1671 Blood, disguised as an old, grizzly clergyman, went to view the crown
jewels with his supposed ‘wife’. The caretaker and his family lived on the
floor above. Happy to oblige, the caretaker showed them the jewels.
Suddenly the
clergyman’s wife bent over, groaning of a terrible stomachache. The caretaker
took the poor, sad lady to his apartments, where his wife took care of her. The
next day, the old couple returned, this time with a pair of gloves for the
caretaker’s wife, in thanks for her care of the old woman.
The couples
became friends. The clergyman and his wife visited often. It gave Blood plenty
of time to study the layout of the protected jewels.
While
friends, Blood said he had a nephew who would be a perfect suitor for the
caretaker’s daughter. They should meet. The caretaker and his wife agreed.
With other
men waiting nearby, Blood and his ‘nephew’ arrived early at Martin’s Tower.
While the caretaker’s wife and daughter were still getting ready, Blood asked
if they could show the nephew the crown jewels.
Blood and
the nephew surprised the caretaker, bound and gagged him; then Blood’s gang
went to work. They removed selected items, stashed them in overly baggy clothes
or beat them with mallet until they were flattened and easily hidden.
Unfortunately,
they were caught when the caretaker’s son surprised them. The gang was
overpowered and their robbery foiled.
King Charles II |
Up Again:
Blood was
taken into custody and housed in the Tower which was a dark place in the 17th
century. When taken for interrogation, Blood refused to talk to anyone but the
king. Everyone was surprised when he agreed. After quite a long discussion
between Charles II and Blood, the king, humored by Blood’s daring, pardoned him
and restored his lost lands in Ireland to him.
Many thanks to:
Harnrahan, David C. Colonel Blood, The man who Stole the Crown
Jewels. Sutton Publishing, Ltd., UK, 2003
Tales from the Tower, Secrets and Stories from a Gory and Glorious
Past. Think Books,
London, 2006
&
Wikicommons, Public Domain
Buy Here |
Labels:
Colonel Blood,
Crown Jewels,
English Civil Wars,
King Charles I,
King Charles II,
Restoration
Author of historical novels set in 1660's London with one novel of the French Revolution.
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