In the first
decade of 17th century, Henry Hudson worked for several merchantmen companies,
both in England and in Holland. His goal was to find the northern route to the
Spice Islands in the South Pacific.
He worked
for the Moscuvy Company, England's East India Company, and the Dutch East India
Company. These individual companies pooled their resources, made their captains sign
extensive contracts, gave them long lists of rules and regulations, then sent
them on their way to find the easiest, fastest passage to East Indie ports of
call.
The route
south through the Cape of Good Hope was fraught with danger, i.e., weeks of
calm, scurvy, the bloody flux, pirates. Once into the Cape, there were added
dangers of rogue waves that came from nowhere, swamping and sinking a ship to
the depths of the sea.
If it
weren't for the ice that filled the northern regions, that route would be far
easier to navigate. When men sailed north toward Greenland or west to
Newfoundland, these intrepid explorers found a vast ocean so crowded with fish,
they leaped into their boats rather than be netted. They brought home stories
of ling cod, and whale meat/lard. Fishermen sent their ships to these waters,
and the English dinner table began to find new foods that delighted the palate.
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| Whaling |
When Hudson
worked for the Moscuvy Company, he did not find a Northwest Passage, but
alerted his employers of a place where one could catch many whales. Hudson made a splash amongst these merchant companies. After the Dutch
East India Company (VOC) had so many failures, when they heard of Hudson, they
enlisted his services.
Hudson
promised better things. He was certain the passage could be found. All VOC's previous captains could not find the passage, and the directors wanted to know
how he would go about it.
Henry
replied that he followed Petrus Plancius' theory. Plancius was one of the
founders and cartographer of the VOC, so the directors nodded their approval.
When Hudson offered this theory, Plancius was still alive. He could
be consulted for authenticity.
The theory
was of a temperate, open sea in the North Pole not covered with ice. What
Hudson professed was a mild climate above '74 degrees latitude - the point at
which the Dutch ships had always found their path blocked by ice'. Hudson not
only affirmed to have seen this, he raised the stakes higher by adding the
depth of the sea was so great at this point, the swells could never freeze. In
this temperate area, Hudson declared to have seen a new land with many animals,
sweet grasses wherein the animals grazed. It was a veritable paradise.
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| Hudson's Route & Final Destination |
Hudson
further added if he could go above '83 degrees latitude', he would sail west to
the Pacific then south into the warmer seas of the East Indies. VOC demanded
more proof, so Hudson sent for Petrus Plancius. The gentleman, an astronomer
and clergyman, nodded his concurrence on Hudson's every point. He added the
sun's long days and white nights during the summer kept the waters warm enough
so that ice would not form. As a result, Henry was given the opportunity to
seek a northern route to the South Seas.
Once aboard
ship, Hudson disregarded all instructions by the VOC. He used his own maps and
went northwest through bad weather. Finding the way too difficult, Hudson
tootled south. He expected to find a waterway along the American coast he could
travel to the Pacific. He did not find it, but did find a land rich in
fisheries and game, trees so big they would make excellent ships.
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| Hudson Arriving at Manhattan Island |
Hudson had
found Manhattan Island. The VOC was not impressed but other merchants were,
which started the colonization of that area.
In 1610,
this time financed by the English merchants, Hudson tried again. He found his
way into what is now the Hudson Bay. The seas were filled with ice. His crew
turned surly, and one night mutinied. They grabbed hold of Henry Hudson and a
few faithful crewmen, put them in a small boat without food, water, or warm
clothing, and sent them adrift.
Henry Hudson disappeared into the night, never to
be seen again.
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| Hudson, Set Adrift |
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Many thanks to the following bibliography:
Nathaniel's Nutmeg by Giles Milton, and Wikipedia (Hudson, Petrus Plancius)
