The Tribulations of Female Doctors in History, by Diane Scott Lewis

 

"Ring of Stone (former title) is an entertaining read, combining accurate historical details with a fast-paced plot and a number of credible characters." Historical Novel Society

A young woman strives to be a doctor in eighteenth century England, but discovers evil village secrets instead.

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When writing this novel, I dug deep into doctors in the eighteenth century. I found that women were excluded from formal study and earning degrees or licenses in England and America. Although, in other countries this wasn't the case.

Recently, I read a non-fiction book on Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman to earn a medical degree in America in 1847. She fought hard to get into medical school with several rejections. Her entrance into one small college was considered a joke, and no one thought she would succeed. But they ended up shocked by her tenacity and intelligence.

Elizabeth went on to found a woman's medical college, because the major colleges and universities balked at allowing women to attend. That finally changed in the later decades.

In reading about the Victorian medical practices, I was surprised that little had changed since the eighteenth century. Blood-letting, cupping, and other bizarre treatments were still common.

Elizabeth's sister, Emily, also studied to be a doctor, (at her sister's insistence) and she eventually became known as a skilled surgeon. Emily had the people skills that the rigid Elizabeth lacked.

The sisters were still regulated to treating women's problems, as in childbirth and other gynecologic issues. And much of their work was for poor women in underserved communities.

My heroine, Rose, longs to study as a physician, and comes up against a brick wall in a male dominated occupation. It's unfortunate that sixty years later, women were still being denied access to medical degrees.

Rose meets a female doctor who only succeeded by subterfuge. And in reality other women practiced as doctoresses, attended classes and lectures, but without any degree or license.

Rose studies the important medical tombs of the era to keep up on practices, such as the famous physician William Hunter, 1718-1783. I too read his works through library loans. His most famous being, The anatomy of the human gravid uterus exhibited in figures (1774). 

Men believed that women couldn't handle the gore of surgery, or master the intricacies of learning medicine. Women were fickle and flighty, so the men in charge insisted.

Even as a child, I thought it strange when I was seen by my first female doctor. The doctors on TV were always men. Prejudices run deep. 

Diane lives in Western Pennsylvania with her husband and one naughty dachshund.

To find out more about her books: DianeScottLewis 

Diane Scott Lewis - Crazy Superstitions on Bodily Health

In researching my eighteenth-century novel, Ring of Stone-I delved into this research for a character, a young physician-I came across many interesting beliefs on how to cure sickness.

Before modern medicine lay people and some physicians held the belief that transferring the ailment to another object could cure you of disease. Since antiquity, and well into the eighteenth century, people believed that men reflected aspects of the natural world. It was a dominant strategy that explained the mysteries beyond the ken of the science of the day.

A man in late seventeenth century Somerset claimed that his brother was cured of a rupture by being passed through a slit cut in a young ash tree, three times on three Monday mornings before dawn. When the tree was later cut down, his brother grew ill again.

To cure jaundice, you took the patient’s urine, mix it with ashes and make three equal balls. Put these before a fire, and when they dried out, the disease leaves and he’s cured.

In Devon, to cure the quartan ague, you baked the patient’s urine into a cake, then fed the cake to a dog, who would take on the disease.

Even Richard Wiseman—a Barber Surgeon—who wrote Chirurgicall Treatises during the time of Charles II, believed to remove warts you rub them with a slice of beef, then bury the beef.

Color as well played a part in how health was viewed. "Yellow" remedies were used to cure jaundice: saffron, celandine with yellow flowers, turmeric, and lemon rind. John Wesley, who wrote Primitive Physick, in the mid-eighteenth century, suggested that sufferers of this illness wear celandine leaves under their feet.

Health was also governed by astrological explanations. Manuals intended for physicians and apothecaries included this "otherwordly" advice. Nicholas Culpeper detailed which herbs were presided over by which planets in his famous health text, Culpeper’s Complete Herbal. For example, if a headache was caused by the actions of Venus, then fleabane (an herb of Mars) would cure the malady.

However, the Vox Stellarum, the most popular almanac in the eighteenth century, took a more moderate view: "Men may be inclin’d but not compell’d to do good or evil by the influence of the stars." Yet this same almanac, in 1740, listed which diseases were prevalent in certain months—a vestigial form of astrological medicine.

Thank goodness more enlightened physicians, such as brothers William (a leading anatomist and renown obstetrician) and John Hunter (one of the most distinguished scientists and surgeons of his day) in the eighteenth century, came along to bring medical thinking into the modern world.

William Hunter

Though superstition among the lay people remained.

Information taken from, Patients, Power, and the Poor in Eighteenth Century Bristol, by Mary E. Fissell, 1991.

For more on myths and superstition, check out my novel Ring of Stone, where the myths of a stone ring in remote Cornwall may save a life while destroying another.

Here's the beautiful cover by Michelle.

　
To learn more about my novels: http://www.dianescottlewis.org