Personal Cleanliness and Cosmetics in the 14th Century by Rosemary Morris

 

To see more of Rosemary's work please click on the cover above.

I have written two #classic#fact fiction# novels, Yvonne, Lady of Cassio, Volume One of The Lovages of Cassio set in Edward II’s reign, and Grace, Lady of Cassio, Volume Two, set in Edward III’s reign, (to be published on the 1^{st of} September 2021). At heart I am a historian, so in this and my recent blogs, I am sharing some of my intensive research into times past.

 

Cleanliness Is Next to Godliness

Medieval people believed in the saying ‘cleanliness is next to godliness.’ They thought a spiritually clean person without sin was spared from illness, and the necessity of seeking redemption through God’s mercy.

Bathing

  In an era when there were no anti-perspirants or deodorants people who stank because they neglected personal hygiene would be avoided (to use a cliché) ‘like the plague’.  Men with unsavoury occupations washed in rivers or other natural sources of clean water. Immersing the body in water indoors or outdoors had the benefit of ridding the body from fleas and lice. Mothers or nurses bathed babies frequently and sweetened their linen swaddling with powdered herbs or flower petals mixed with salt. Those in holy orders at abbeys at monasteries bathed between two and four times a year. 

Like royalty, the families of noble men and women, and wealthy merchants bathed in wooden tubs lined with cloths. King John bathed every three weeks. Henry IV bathed on the evening before his coronation. He instituted The Order of The Bath to stress the importance of physical and spiritual purification before a knight made his vows. Some of Edward III’s palaces contained bathrooms with hot and cold running water.

 

Washing

 It took too long to heat water for daily baths. Every morning basins of water were filled for men and women in respectable households to wash their hands and faces. Women attended to children too young to wash themselves. Before and after meals, everyone washed and dried their hands. Every week those in holy orders washed their feet in foot basins. Travellers who went on long journeys, also cleaned their feet in foot basins

 

Hair

Hair was washed in copper basins in water mixed with cinnamon, liquorice, and cumin instead of soap which irritated the skin.

Teeth

 People believed bad breath caused disease. To freshen it they chose one of these spices to chew, cardamon, liquorice, aniseed, cumin, or fennel.

 

http://bookswelove.net/authors/morris-rosemary

 

www.rosemarymorris.co.uk     

 

Women's Fashions in the First Half of the 14th Century ~ Part Two by Rosemary Morris

 

To see more of Rosemary's work please click on the cover.

 

Women’s Fashion in the First Half of the 14^th Century

Part Two

 

In my novels Yvonne, Lady of Cassio, Volume One of The Lovages of Cassio, and in Grace, Lady of Cassio, Volume Two, which begins in 1331, (to be published in August 2021) I describe the characters’ clothes to help readers visualise the protagonists. As I write, I imagine the contrasts between wealthy ladies’ sumptuous apparel, well-to-do women, and poor people’s clothes.

Stockings

Stockings were supported by garters, strips of wool or linen, often embroidered, above or below the knees. Women who could afford them wore stockings made from either wool or linen. Poor women wore coarse woollen ones which, I imagine, were itchy.

Footwear

Shoes with points at the big toe were cut well and shaped to fit either foot around the ankle. They were fastened with laces on the inner or outer edge. Other shoes were designed like slippers, cut away over the instep and fastened with a strap and buckle around the ankle.

Wealthy women’s footwear was often embellished either with embroidery or charming patterns of squares, dots or flowers punched into the leather.

Short boots for walking, and possibly riding, ended below the calf, and were usually laced on the inner side or, occasionally on the outer.

Hair and Headwear

Women plaited their hair and coiled it around their ears. Their hair was always completely covered in various ways.

A veil and wimple.

A veil held in place by a fillet.

A barbette, a strip of linen passed under the chin and on either side of the face over a hairnet secured by hairpins.

A fret, hairnet, often brightly coloured.

Many pins were required to secure each of these headdresses.

Hoods were always worn by country women, and by other women when travelling and for warmth.

Accessories

Gloves were worn by women of every class. Wealthy ladies wore linen gloves to protect their hands from sunburn.

Aprons did not have bibs and tied around the waist. They were worn by ladies to protect expensive clothes and by working class women. Sometimes a band of embroidery decorated them below the waist.

Jewellery. Made of gold or silver set with precious stones, rings, brooches, buckles etc.

Girdles either plain or ornamented with gold or silver, sometimes set with gemstones, or worn around the hips and buckled or tied in front.

 

www.rosemarymorris.co.uk    

 

http://bookswelove.net/authors/morris-rosemary

  

Women’s Fashion in the First Half of the 14th Century Part One by Rosemary Morris

 

To learn more about Rosemary's work please click on the cover above. 

In my novels Yvonne, Lady of Cassio, Volume One of The Lovages of Cassio, and in Grace, Lady of Cassio, Volume Two, which begins in 1331, (to be published in August 2021) I describe the characters clothes to help readers visualise them. As I write, I imagine wealthy ladies’ sumptuous garments. For example, “Powdered (sprinkled) with designs,” Rich fabrics powdered (patterned) or embroidered and enhanced with pearls.

Fashions changed. By 1330 garments were shaped to reveal instead of concealing women’s figures. Necklines became lower, long sleeves fitted tightly and were either stitched up or fastened with buttons from the elbow to the wrist. To render her vesture more perfect a silver needle was filled with thread of gold, and both her sleeves were closely sewed. Roman de la Rose.

I like this contemporary description. “These tournaments are attended by many ladies of the first rank and greatest beauty, but not always of the most untainted reputation. They are dressed in part-coloured tunics, one half being of one colour and the other half of another, with short hoods and liripipes which are wrapped around their heads like cords; their girdles are handsomely decorated with gold and silver and they wear short swords or daggers before them in pouchesa little below the navel; and thus habited they are mounted on the finest horses that can be procured and ornamented with the richest furniture.” Henry Knighton, 1348.

Kirtle

The kirtle (gown) was laced at the back or front to the waist, or a little lower, and worn with a girdle around the hips.

Over Garments

The long cote-hardie worn over the kirtle fitted closely. It was buttoned to below the waist or had a low neck and was pulled down over the head.

Surcoats

Surcoats with or without sleeves were worn over the kirtle. Unlike the cote-hardie they did not fit close to the body. They were either knee-length or ankle length, sometimes had slits up the sides and were worn without a girdle.

                                                                                    Outer Garments

 Short Pelissons lined with fur. Cloaks lined with fur had hoods and were worn to keep warm when travelling. Mantles Worn on ceremonial occasions were lined with expensive material, tied loosely with tasselled cords passed through jewelled attachments. Garde-Corps Women sometimes wrapped one around themselves over their inner garments.

 www.rosemarymorris.co.uk    

http://bookswelove.net/authors/morris-rosemary

Medieval Recipes by Rosemary Morris

 

To learn more about Rosemary's work please click on the cover.

 

My novel, Grace, Lady of Cassio, begins in 1331 during the reign of Edward III. It will be published in August 2022.

At heart I am a historian. My novels are rich in historical detail that requires intensive research, some of which I am sharing in this blog.

  Medieval Recipes

Lemon Rice With Almonds

Grated skin, juice and pulp of1 large lemon. (I use an organic one.) 1 cup ground almonds. 1cup rice. 2   cups water. ½ teaspoon salt.  ½ teaspoon of cinnamon. 1 tablespoon butter. 2/3 cup of currants.            1 cup dry white wine. (I use apple juice.) 1 cup fresh peas. Garnish. 12 teaspoons of honey. (I use organic honey.)

Put the water, rice, salt, cinnamon, butter and lemon in a non-stick saucepan with a lid. Stir once while boiling it for 10 minutes until most of the fluid is absorbed. Simmer the almonds and currants in the white wine or apple juice for 7 minutes then add it to rice fluffed with a fork. Stir in fresh peas (sometimes I use frozen peas) simmer for 5 or 7 minutes, adding a little boiling water if the rice sticks to the bottom of the saucepan. Garnish each portion with honey.

 

Vegetable Gruel

2 cups wheatgerm or buckwheat groats. 2 tablespoons butter. 4 cups milk. 1cup half inch slice of peeled carrots, ½ cup peeled, diced fresh parsnip, 1 cup raisins, ½ teaspoon salt, ¼ teaspoon powdered ginger, ¼ teaspoon cinnamon, ½ teaspoon dried sweet basil, 6 tablespoons honey (

I prefer organic honey), 3 tablespoons plum jam.

 Melt the butter in a non-stick saucepan. Add the groats and stir for 2 or 3 minutes over a low heat, then add the other ingredients, except for the basil, honey and jam. Simmer slowly for 20 minutes. To serve, ladle the gruel into bowls, put a tablespoon of honey in the centre and a dessertspoon of plum jam in the middle. Sprinkle the basil around the edges. Serve hot.

 

Pears with Carob Cream

6 firm, edible pears. Juice of 1 fresh lemon. (I use an organic lemon.) 2 heaped tablespoons carob powder. (A substitute of chocolate, available from health food shops. 2 tablespoons sugar (I prefer soft brown sugar) or honey (I prefer organic honey) ¼ teaspoon salt, 1 cup double cream/whipping cream.

 Cut the pears in half with their skins on and scoop out the core area with a sharp knife, dredge each half with lemon juice. Bake pears in a 350 degree oven for 7 or 10 minutes and allow them to cool. Beat the cream, salt and carob powder together until it is thick. Pipe or spoon the carob cream onto the pear halves. Refrigerate for 30 minutes or more before serving.

 

 rosemarymorris.co.uk

http://bwlpublishing.ca/morris-rosemary

 

 

 

Food and Drink in 14th Century England by Rosemary Morris

 

Click on the cover to learn more about Rosemary Morris.

My novel, Grace, Lady of Cassio, begins in 1331 during the reign of Edward III. It will be published in August 2022.

At heart I am a historian. My novels are rich in historical detail that requires intensive research, some of which I am sharing in this blog.

Food and Drink in 14^th Century England

In the Great Hall.  A lord, his lady and guests sat at a table on a dais at one end of the great hall. A white linen tablecloth covered the table. The best food was placed before him on a long, narrow coloured strip of fabric. Everyone else sat on benches at trestle tables at right angles to the dais. They ate food appropriate for their rank the lowest ate pottage.

Restrictions. The Church forbade consumption of meat on Wednesdays, Fridays Saturdays, and during Advent. In Lent eggs were not allowed. Fish replaced the prohibited food.

Breakfast. Noble households. The lord and his lady, if he was married, their most important guests and senior officials broke their fast with bread, cheese, ale or buttermilk. In accordance with the belief that servants became lazy if they ate too much so they were not served breakfast.

Dinner. This opulent main meal was served between approximately between 10 a.m. and 11 a.m. After the priest said prayers, fresh fruit stimulated the appetite. Two people shared food on a stale bread trencher that soaked up juice and sauce. First, the lord helped himself first to food. After he sampled the dishes, they were passed to his guests.

     The first course numbered a variety of meat dishes; to name a few, meat pottage flavoured with herbs, spices, and wine, or one containing, for example, savoury chicken, pheasant or swan with boiled meat, and venison seethed in almond milk and other ingredients. Some dishes were a combination of sweet and savoury. Four courses followed. The second with a variety of roasted, expertly carved, exotic meats, among others stork, peacock, heron, and larks. The next with small birds and cooked fruit, maybe baked, stewed in wine, or cooked in sugar syrup etc. A last course of fruit, nuts, cheese, and sweet and savoury wafers accompanied by spiced red wine ended the meal.

     On days when eating meat was prohibited, they ate four fish courses of fish cooked in different ways, for example, fresh fish, smoked fish, shellfish pickled in brine, salt fish and stewed fish.

     Vegetables were incorporated in pottages and other recipes.

      Large and small sweet and savoury pies, some called coffins because of their shape.

    Supper. Served at sunset, at the castle or manor for those seated on the dais supper was a light meal, Usually with one main dish, maybe white bread, side dishes and cheese. After supper sometimes they danced, or professional entertainers such as acrobats, jongleurs, minstrels and storytellers performed. If not a knight or the lord’s lady might recite a story. Sometimes a squire played an instrument and sang.

 

www.rosemarymorris.co.uk

 

http://bookswelove.net/authors/morris-rosemary

Ladies in the Age of Chivalry by Rosemary Morris

 

To find out more about Rosemary's work click on the cover above.

Ladies in the Age of Chivalry

My novel, Grace, Lady of Cassio, begins in 1331 during the reign of Edward III. It will be published in August 2022.

At heart I am a historian. My novels are rich in historical detail that requires intensive research, some of which I am sharing in this blog.

 

Chivalry, Ladies and Literature, Courtly Love and Reality

The ideal upper-class lady in romantic medieval literature is the beloved who inspires chivalry and is worshipped. In fiction her slightest command is obeyed without question and heroic deeds by a knight errant are performed in her name, even if his love is not reciprocated. Reinmar von Hagenau ‘s lyric captures the nature of courtly love.

 

       I wish to be known my entire life as a master of one thing and one thing only.

       I seek the world’s praise for this one skill,

      That no man can bear his suffering as beautifully as I.

      If a woman causes me pain to such an extent that I cannot remain silent day or night,

      I have so gentle a spirit that I’ll accept her hate as a source of joy.

     And yet, alas, how deeply that discomforts me.

 

In reality, and in accordance with medieval law and society, a lady wielded authority as a wife and mother in domestic affairs and took charge while her husband was away.

 

Maidens, Wives, Spinsters, Widows and Nuns

During the medieval era men classified women as maidens, wives, widows, or nuns. During childhood maidens were subject to their fathers, stepfathers or guardians who maintained them. Married women were controlled by their husbands and were denied the right to refuse intercourse. Without their husbands’ agreement, they were not permitted to borrow money, sell property, or make a will. Noblewomen received as much respect as noblemen. Yet because Eve persuaded Adam to taste the forbidden fruit and they were cast out of paradise, men considered females physically, intellectually, and morally inferior. Nuns, the brides of Christ, depended on the Church. Only spinsters, a rarity, and widows enjoyed some independence.

 

Education, Betrothal, Marriage and Motherhood.

 

Nobly born children were taught to read and write French, the language of educated people, to figure, embroider, dance, sing and play musical instruments. They were trained to be dignified, meek and modest and not to laugh loudly. Many girls were betrothed in their infancy and wedded when they were twelve. Most marriages were not consummated until the girls were fourteen. In an age when many people died early, teenage pregnancies were encouraged. Most ladies married by their sixteenth birthday. In their mid-twenties, if they had not died, they had given birth to five or six children, some of whom did not survive.

 

www.rosemarymorris.co.uk

 

http://bookswelove.net/authors/morris-rosemary

Knights in the Age of Chivalry by Rosemary Morris

 

For more information on Rosemary's books please click on the cover. 

Knights in the Age of Chivalry

 

My novel, Grace, Lady of Cassio, The Lovages of Cassio, Book Two, sequel to Yvonne, Lady of Cassio, begins in the reign of Edward III. It will be published in October 2021.

At heart I am a historian. My novels are rich in historical detail which requires intensive research, some of which I am sharing in this blog.

 

The Path to Knighthood

At the age of seven a knight’s son served in another knight’s household, often his maternal uncle’s, where he trained to fight, first with a wooden sword. At sixteen, he knew knights should be courteous to each other and had been taught the four cardinal rules of chivalry - piety, prowess, loyalty, and moderation. Before being knighted, he had learned the skills necessary for an expert jouster. As a knight his raison d’etre was to fight.

Prior to being dubbed a knight, a squire bathed him before he dressed in white clothes and a red robe. At night, he stood or knelt in front of the altar in the chapel or Church for ten hours in solitude and silent prayer. At dawn, he attended Mass before presentation to his lord by two sponsors. The lord presented him with the sword and shield which were on the altar during the vigil. After an older knight struck him on his neck or cheek with his hand or the flat of his sword, the young knight swore a holy oath to dedicate his sword to justice, piety, the orphaned, the oppressed, the church and the widow.

Tournaments.

In tournaments aristocratic knights fought for fame and glory.

Jousting was dangerous. A late 14^th century knight wore armour weighing 80-100 lbs. He sat on a high saddle, charging at a closing speed of 40 miles per hour on a destrier weighing 200 lbs. He bore a lance with which all the potentially lethal force was concentrated on a steel tip. Jousts of peace with capped lances were less dangerous although a knight might fall from his horse, die, or be seriously injured.

A Perfect Knight

Although a knight was a fighting machine, when he removed his armour, he was expected to be courteous, gentle, devout, and cultured. John of Salisbury, a cleric, listed some of a knight’s duty. To defend the Church, to assail infidelity, to venerate the priesthood, to protect the poor from injuries…to pour out his blood for his brothers (as the formula of his oath directs him).

Tenants in Chief

Lords who had been knighted held their principal estates from the king and were called tenants-in-chief. They received a summons to attend each parliament and constituted the House of Lords. They were bound to serve the king with their retinues at their own expense for forty days each year at home or abroad.

Household knights.

Household knights promised to serve an overlord loyally for life in peace and war, wherever he was needed. He would serve at his overlord’s expense, be clothed by him, and provided with a suitable horse.

Clergy. Military Orders

 

The Order of the Temple abolished in 1308) and The Hospital of St John of Jerusalem (Hospitallers) Orders of knights were originally established to protect the routes to the Holy Land.

 

www.rosemarymorris.co.uk

 

http://bookswelove.net/authors/morris-rosemary

 

Squires in the Age of Chivalry by Rosemary Morris

 

To learn more about Rosemary's books please click on the cover above.

My novel, Grace, Lady of Cassio, The Lovages of Cassio, Book Two, sequel to Yvonne, Lady of Cassio, begins in the reign of Edward III. It will be published in October 2021.

At heart I am a historian. My novels are rich in historical detail which requires intensive research, some of which I am sharing in this blog.

At fourteen a page* became a squire and trained to fight with a lance and sword, to be adept at horsemanship, hunting and hawking. and master the complicated rules that governed heraldry and jousts. A squire accompanied his lord to war, armed him before a joust or battle and led his horse into battle. In earlier medieval eras he held the reins while war was fought on foot. It was a dangerous occupation in which and many squires were injured or killed.

Squires also studied the seven ‘liberal arts’ Grammar. Logic, Rhetoric, Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy and Music so they would be well educated as well as accomplished warriors.

At meals retainers brought fowl and meat to the squires to be carved. Even the king’s sons were required to perform this service as part of their education to become knights. In addition, he served his master to his master on bended knee and in the king’s household tasted food to make sure it was not poisoned.

A squire of the bedchamber fetched whatever his lord required and was available to convey messages. In the afternoon and evening he served in the private apartment and entertained people by talking, singing or strumming a musical instrument. He played chess or backgammon indoors. Outdoors he took a minor part in various pastimes, for example such flying hawks and hunting.

When he completed his education, he became eligible to become a knight.

 Knights and a squire at the Malbork Castle, a historical re-enactment

 

www.rosemarymorris.co.uk

 

http://bookswelove.net/authors/morris-rosemary

 

Children in the Age of Chivalry – Part Three - Pages by Rosemary Morris

For more information on Rosemary's novels please click on the cover above.

My novel, Grace, Lady of Cassio, The Lovages of Cassio, Book Two, sequel to Yvonne, Lady of Cassio, begins in the reign of Edward III. It will be published in October 2021. At heart I am a historian. My novels are rich in historical detail which requires intensive research, some of which I am sharing in this blog. Pages wore their master’s badge across the front of their tunics. They were the sons of the well-born. When they were seven years-old they became pages to a suitable nobleman. In return for their service they were trained for their future career as knights and educated with the lord’s sons by the household priest. It was not important for a page to learn to read but books about etiquette were written for them. Babee’s Book set out a page’s daily routine. First, he should rise early, wash his face and hands, make sure his fingernails were clean and comb his hair. Next, he should say his prayers or attend Mass. His deportment should be excellent. He should never scratch himself or sniff in public. During the day he was expected to greet everyone he met. He was repeatedly reminded to attend to other people at meals and not to grab this best food, and neither stuff his mouth full ‘as a pigge’ nor speak with food in his mouth. Instead of picking his teeth with his knife he should use a clean stick. He must wait carefully on his lord and lady, remove his cap, and bow before he addressed them. At every meal, on bended knee, he offered his lord wine and afterward brought water for him to wash his hands. Apart from learning good manners he learned how to be a superb horseman, how to wear armour correctly, and to use weapons. An adults’ full armour was very heavy. A page gradually became used to it and learned how to put it on and take it off correctly. He was also taught the complex rules to be observed when taking part in a joust at tournaments and for hunting and hawking. www.rosemarymorris.co.uk http://bookswelove.net/authors/morris-rosemary

Children in the Age of Chivalry – Part Two by Rosemary Morris

To learn more about Rosemary's books please click on the cover. My novel, Grace, Lady of Cassio, The Lovages of Cassio, Book Two, the sequel to Yvonne, Lady of Cassio, begins in the reign of Edward III. It will be published in October 2021. At heart I am a historian. My novels are rich in historical detail which requires intensive research, some of which I am sharing in this blog. Until children were seven-years old, they did little or no work. They were allowed to play and indulge in make believe, then aged seven, they were sent to court, to be trained by another nobleman, to school or if they were peasants to work on the land. Some peasant children played with rag dolls or balls made with scraps of material or leather. Rich parents gave their young sons and daughters toys which are no longer popular, wooden blocks bones, wooden carts with wheels, clay birds, cymbals, glass rings, hoops, small wooden boats, drums, hoops, jumping jacks, marionettes, quoits, skates, spinning tops and little windmills. Other playthings are still popular, for example, balls, dolls, kites, marbles, rattles, spinning tops and see-saws. Today, fancy dress costumes are available at my local supermarket. Little girls can dress up as fairies, characters such as Cinderella and Snow-white, young boys as Superman, Bob the Builder, knights, and other popular characters. In the medieval era children enjoyed dressing up as knights and ladies. Boys played with rocking horses, toy swords and bows and arrows imitating adult participants in tournaments. Children played games such as Peek-a-Boo, which still amuses babies and small children, Blind Man’s Bluff, also called Hood Man Blind, Hide and Seek, still one of children’s favourite games, which was known as Hunt the Fox or Hunt the Hare in times past, and bobbing for apples or cherries. Unfortunately, violence was a theme in some of children’s pastimes among which were Punch and Judy shows which are still popular. However, I admit that as a child they distressed me. Young children enjoyed cock fights, and fierce fighting on piggyback that introduced them to combat mounted on horseback. There were nursery rhymes and stories mainly passed down by word of mouth to amuse them and, in castles and manor houses there were pets - lap dogs, tame squirrels, mice, caged birds and, if they were not considered witches’ familiars, cats. I daresay children were taught to ride at a young age, and they admired the hounds, and looked forward to hunting with falcons and hawks when they were older. Children were not expected to behave like adults. Medieval literature contains references to memories of childhood. Gerald of Wales described his brothers building sandcastles while he constructed a monastery out of sand.

www.rosemarymorris.co.uk http://bookswelove.net/authors/morris-rosemary

Children in the Age Of Chivalry by Rosemary Morris

To find out more about Rosemary's books click the cover above.

Grace, Lady of Cassio, The Lovages of Cassio, Book Two, the sequel to Yvonne, Lady of Cassio, begins in the reign of Edward III. It will be published in October 2021.
At heart I am a historian. My novels are rich in historical detail which requires intensive research, some of which I am sharing in this blog.
Contrary to popular beliefs people understood the need for personal cleanliness. Even babies, who were wrapped in swaddling, were bathed regularly, but, sadly, approximately half of them died before they became adults.
Children were betrothed in infancy. The law allowed fourteen-year old boys and twelve-year old girls to marry, although co-habitation usually began when the wife was fourteen, an age at which pregnancy was encouraged.
After the age of five most of the peers’ sons and daughters went to another noble household to be brought up. At seven, boys destined for the church were tonsured and commenced a life of worship. Agricultural workers’ children worked in the fields from the same age. Craftsmen’s sons become apprentices when they were young, learned their trade and how to keep accounts. A child with a very low rank in society, who worked for a villein or poor franklin only received board and lodging.
In towns and country, the parish priest taught young children about the seven deadly sins. A surprising number of townswomen were literate. Nunneries might have poor be poor endowments, but they were keen to have schools and they educated as many girls as boys. There were formal schools in most towns but only for the minority who could afford the cost Cathedrals, Benedictine monasteries, and friaries often had schools attached to them, so did city churches. It was from such establishments that the clerks and clergy and the fourteen-year-old undergraduates at Oxford and Cambridge were drawn. However, the custom was for private tutors to educate great lord’s offspring.
I believe most parents wanted the best for their children. Some parents refused to punish them. Others applied brutal punishment. There were many manuscripts with different advice about how to bring up the young. A common belief was that a good father would apply the rod to instil fear of breaking the law – from the age of seven a child could be hanged for theft. Some mothers beat their daughters until they cried for mercy. In some people’s opinion, a lenient parent was considered to neglect his or her duties. In such circumstances, although children were instructed to love and honour their parents it must have been impossible.
In the age of chivalry, boys worked from the age of seven and were liable to serve in an army from fifteen onward. At the battle of Crecy, sixteen-year old Prince Edward commanded the vanguard. Can you imagine such a young commander leading troops into battle in the 21st century?
I believe most parents wanted the best for their children. When those placed in other households came home several times a year to visit them. I like to imagine these were happy occasions. The third Edward and his queen, who loved their children, were never parted with them at home or abroad for longer than necessary.
To conclude, I cried when I read Gawain’s heart-breaking poem about his pearl, his precious daughter Marguerite, who died before she was two,

www.rosemarymorris.co.uk

http://bookswelove.net/authors/morris-rosemary


Fathers.

To learn more about Rosemary's work please click on the cover above.

Grace, Lady of Cassio

My novel, Grace, Lady of Cassio, The Lovages of Cassio, Book Two, the sequel to Yvonne, Lady of Cassio, will be published in October 2021.
At heart I am a historian, so my novels are rich in historical detail which requires intensive research. I am writing almost drowned by a sea of non-fiction books for research among which is The Perfect King, Edward 111, Father of the English Nation. Grace, Lady of Cassio, begins in 1330 England in the third year of Edward’s reign.
In this BWL insider blog and in future ones I shall share some of my research.

Contraception and Childbirth
Coitus interruptus was the only means of preventing contraception. The church regarded it as sinful. If the sinners confessed their penance might result in up to ten-year-fast. The church condemned contraception. It considered marriage was only for procreation and that the marital state was inferior to chastity. Moreover, the church only allowed intercourse to take place on Monday to Friday if there was not an obligatory fast or festival on one of those days.
Nevertheless, despite the Church’s strictures, it seems that various devices were used to prevent sperm entering the womb, amongst which the ancient use of melted beeswax, onion, or roots, continued. Also, the belief that a woman would not become pregnant while nursing a baby was an incentive to avoid unwanted pregnancy. Understandable when a wife might have a dozen or more babies.
Childbirth was dangerous for mother and baby. Pregnant women made their confession, received Holy Communion. No pain relief was available for women in travail. The church had no sympathy for the mother-to-be because Eve suffered without pain relief so they depended on superstition, Complicated rituals of childbirth such a knife under the birthing stool to cut the pain, prayers to St Margaret the patron saint of mothers, and a precious stone – a favourite was an eagle stone – bound around the mother’s thigh.
Queens, princesses, and noblewomen withdrew to their bedchambers six weeks prior to the confinement. Then, to avoid claims that the baby was a changeling gave birth in public. Midwives attended those who could afford to employ them, female relatives attended peasants. After the delivery, if the mother could spare the time, she stayed in her bedchamber for forty days. On the forty-first day, whatever her circumstances, to cleanse her of impurity, she went to church, where, in a special service she was cleansed of impurity believed to reside in her.
It is interesting to note the cost of a woman’s life in France. A person who murdered a woman was fined. For killing a woman who had passed the menopause. 100 livres (100 pounds). For a woman of child-bearing age. 200 livres. For a pregnant woman. 700 livres.

www.rosemarymorris.co.uk

http://bookswelove.net/authors/morris-rosemary

Introduction to Saturday's Child by Rosemary Morris

To learn more about Rosemary's work please click on the cover above.


I enjoyed writing my new novel, Saturday’s Child, set in Brighton on the south coast of England during the Regency era.
My research included interesting facts about libraries, boarding houses, fashion and much more.
Before I began the novel, I spent hours thinking about the characters. Then, from the first paragraph to the last, Annie took me by the hand and led me through the challenges she overcame.

“After the Battle of Waterloo, motherless ten-year-old Annie travels to London with her father, Private Johnson. Discharged from the army, instead of the hero’s welcome he deserves, his desperate attempts to make an honest living fail. Without food or shelter, death seems inevitable. Driven by desperation Johnson pleads for help from Georgiana Tarrant, his deceased colonel’s daughter.
Georgiana, who founded a charity to assist soldiers’ widows and orphans, agrees to provide for them.
At Major and Mrs Tarrant’s luxurious house, Annie is fed, bathed and given clean clothes. Although she and her father, her only relative, will be provided for there is a severe price. Johnson will work for Georgiana while Annie is educated at the Foundling House Georgiana established.
Despite the years she spent overseas when her dear father fought against the French, the horror she witnessed, and recent destitution Annie’s spirit is not crushed. She understands their separation is inevitable because her father cannot refuse employment. Annie vows that one day she will work hard for her living and never again be poor. It is fortunate she cannot foresee the hardship and tragedy ahead to be overcome when she is an adult.”

http://bwlpublishing.ca/morris-rosemary

www.rosemarymorris.co.uk

Regency Libraries by Rosemary Morris

To learn more about Rosemary's work please click on the cover above.

Regency Libraries

I am very surprised by the facts I discovered when I researched libraries in the early 19th century for my new novel, Saturday’s Child. I falsely assumed members merely visited libraries to borrow books.
Toward the end of the eighteenth-century subscription libraries became fashionable. By the Regency era subscription libraries had become an important part of fashionable life. People gathered in communal rooms where they met, read newspapers and magazines, drank coffee while chatting and gossiping, or whiled away time in peace and quiet. Some provided collections of caricatures and prints to browse through on the premises or to take out on loan. The collections were bound into large loose-leaf books and laid out on round tables for people to view them at leisure.
Ladies read magazines, which to name a few, included the very popular Ladies Magazine, Gallery of Fashion and Le Beau Monde in which were coloured fashion plates. The Lady’s Monthly Museum published articles and biographies of famous women, prints and short stories. Gentlemen chose newspapers, The Gentleman’s Magazine, and other publications. Men and women enjoyed Ackerman’s extremely popular publication ‘The Repository of Arts, Literature, Literature, Commerce, Manufacturers, Fashions and Politics.’
It was common for families such as Jane Austen’s to join a library because new books were so expensive.
Libraries sold trinkets and Jane’s sister, Lydia, saw beautiful ornaments which made her quite wild in Brighton library.
In my novel, Saturday’s Child, to be published in July, the hero assures his mother she can buy whatever she needs to paint water colours at Motts, the library she had joined in Brighton.
If she had needed to, his mother could have consulted a guidebook, published by her subscription library, which included advertisements for accommodation.
I am jealous of Regency subscribers, who, in addition to borrowing novels enjoyed musical entertainments. My small local library only contains books, a few comfortable chairs arranged around a table, where people read newspapers and magazines, and a computer room.